CYRILLIC IN THE CONSTITUTION OF SERBIA: A REVIEW OF MAJOR SOURCES (1974–2014)

In spite of introducing Cyrillic as an official script in the Serbian language, its use shows a declining tendency. A review of relevant legal and language sources show that the question of the status of Cyrillic is one of the manifestations of ideological struggle of two opposed groups: the Euro-regional one whose standpoint arises from the language policy from 1972, the 1974 Constitution and the Opinion given by the Venice Committee, and the other one of a nationalistic/centralistic tone grounded in the comparative law of the EU member states. The balance of power in this struggle is also reflected in the decision of the Constitutional Court, which has imposed its authority in the matters of the Cyrillic script, as paramount language use authority.

PREDICTORS OF INTENTIONS AND BEHAVIOR: CAN MUSEUMS’ FESTIVALS INCREASE THE POPULARITY OF MUSEUMS?

Research results reveal that visiting a museum is one of the least popular leisure activities. However, museums attract many visitors during festivals: there are people who visit museums exclusively during festivals (potential visitors of museums’ regular programs), and those who come to museums both before and during festivals (visitors). This research was conducted during the festival Museums of Serbia ten days from 10am to 10pm (N = 2472). Following the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and previous results on the research of the audience of the Museum Night festival, when it was found that the visitors compared to potential visitors have more positive subjective norms, perceived control, and attitudes toward visiting museums – the first goal of this study was to examine whether those results replicate in the context of new museum festival. The second goal was to examine the possibility of further differentiation of potential visitors: whether attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control predict their intentions to visit museums after the festival. Results showed that visitors had more positive attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control than potential visitors, while regular museum visitors (who visited museums at least ten times during the previous year) had the most positive ones. Additionally, attitudes and perceived control differentiate subcategories of potential visitors with and without intention to visit museums after the festival. The results are discussed within the framework of TPB. In particular, the role that TBP variables have in explaining past behavior has been considered, with respect to identified predictors of the intentions to visit museums after the festival. Applicability of TBP model for the purpose of museum audience development has been discussed, as well as further implications on the concept of potential museum audience in a festival context.

PRAXEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND ART

In considering an extremely complex relationship between science and art, praxeology can provide great assistance. The main task of this science of effective actions, by Kotarbinsky, is to formulate general recommendations, requirements and standards to be followed in every activity that wants to be successful. A work of art is a complex product that has a specific structure, so analysis of its various aspects is required in addition to the methodological basis for both theoretical and empirical research. Further deliberation of history and theory of art will be increasingly subject to external influences which are the product of intense scientific, technical and technological development. Our age is characterized by a wide range of different scientific fields, theories and methods. Hence, our task according to its goal of praxeological study of the relationship between science and art is to use appropriate resources and tools that will be fully functional in solving certain problems.

ON THE PREVAILING COMPREHENSION OF CULTURE IN THE ORGANIZATION THEORY

Elements of the prevailing comprehension of culture in the organization theory have been presented in the paper. This conception has been explained by the features of the organization theory itself – as a scientific discipline and a profession, and more accurately by its dominantly applied character. Economic globalization and internationalization of business operations had been key motives for the development of this discipline over the last decades. The perception of organization as an open system has introduced the concept of culture in theory and in research, enabling the development of actions and practices for creating more effective and efficient organizations (mainly economic). The nonscientific impetus for the development of this discipline has also been the main reason for somewhat simplified and insufficiently deliberated comprehension and research operationalization of the notion of culture in contemporary organization theory.

THE POSSIBILITY OF INCLUDING THE REMAINING WINDMILLS IN THE TOURIST OFFER OF VOJVODINA

At the end of the eighteenth and in the early nineteenth century, Dutch, Hungarian, Slovak and Serbian builders built more than 280 windmills in Vojvodina. As the most advanced facilities for grinding grain, windmills used the drive energy of the northern and the northwestern winds and facilitated the lives of the people of that time. Two centuries later, based on a field research carried out in Vojvodina in the period from 2012 to 2014, it was determined that eleven windmills still physically exist. Despite the fact that most of them are protected by law, these important monuments of folk architecture are in very poor condition and have lost their function. The aim of this paper is to point to the examples of good practice and the inclusion of windmills in the tourist offer of European countries as well as the possibility for the revitalization of the remaining windmills in Vojvodina as important cultural and historical monuments and an integral part of the history, culture and heritage of our country – as a chance to enrich the tourist offer of Vojvodina.

CULTURE OF REMEMBRANCE AND YUGOSLAV ROCK AND ROLL

The paper is dedicated to the culture of remembrance of the Yugoslav rock and roll in Serbia here and now. According to the author, rock and roll represents an important link in the chain of cultural tradition of the Serbian society in the aesthetic and sociological sense. Both rock-n-roll and popular culture in general (including jazz and pop music) have been unjustifiably neglected regardless of the fact that they stand side by side with the folk and rural culture as traditional forms of creation. The current political and cultural elite does not comprehend that the Serbian urban tradition can act as the most important link between Serbia and the globalizing and modernizing world. The culture of remembrance and identities is reserved by this elite primarily for the traditional folklore forms of our cultural heritage, with the reason for this (likely) lying in the understanding that the notion of tradition covers only the elements of rural lifestyle. The author of this paper reflects critically on the cultural policy which is incompatible with the contemporary and modern cultural developments in the world. What is also not understood in Serbia is that identities are not fixed and given once and for all, but that they represent a matter of choice, construction and strategy. The paper is divided into three chapters: “Amarcord in the context of culture” (where culture is defined as a sociological phenomenon), “Yugoslav rock and roll community” (which considers the scope and contribution of Yu rock) and “Politically programmed oblivion”. The oblivion in this case is not incidental and episodic but a conscious and (it seems) a long-term orientation of the political establishment. Rock and roll, and above all that which bears the Yugoslav prefix, does not suit its ideological, absolutistic and populist matrix. In Serbia, little attention (primarily, by the media) is paid to the fact that rock musicians of this society have contributed immensely to the establishment of Yugoslav rock and roll scene, which therefore must not be forgotten. Rock and roll in this region was not a passing fashionable craze but a way of life which formed opinions, beliefs, behaviors, communication and the entire activity of the young generations at that point in time. Cultural traces of that way of life are still present and they deserve to be remembered and used as important for future life and connecting with the rest of the world. These facts are neglected due to the all-encompassing retraditionalization that has taken hold of the present Serbian society whose culture is positioned within the mythical reshaping of reality. This prevents Serbia from becoming a part of the modern world, and the revival of the remembrance of rock and roll would help Serbia to a great extent in the attempt to reach the enviable status that it once enjoyed on the global scale. In short, the culture of remembrance is hidden behind the non-culture of forgetting, with the reasons for this being not only aesthetic in nature but political and ideological as well. Rock and roll is undesirable to the current political establishment for at least two reasons: first, because it is Yugoslav (with a socialist connotation), and second, because it does not originate in Serbia but is “imported” from the West. When one adds the subversiveness, individualistic leanings and the critical intonations of rock and roll, then it is clear that nurturing the culture of its remembrance would be contrary to the values upon which the model of the current Serbian society is based.

STRENGTHENING INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE BY CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION PROJECTS IN THE FIELD OF CULTURAL TOURISM

European territory is marked by the roads of intercontinental migrations, redefining borders and the effect of colonialism and multinational companies. Intercultural dialogue at the international level is irreplaceable among neighbours. The subject of this paper is practical policy of intercultural dialogue which is based on the crossborder cooperation in the field of cultural tourism in Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania. These countries were considered due to the fact that the establishment of intercultural dialogue in this part of Europe was realized primarily through projects of cultural tourism within the crossborder cooperation programme (Pre-Accession Assistance Program EU 2007-2013). The study provides an answer to the question how to connect the strategy of cultural development and the development of tourism (cultural tourism) at the local and national level, in order to strengthen the intercultural dialogue.

GOLDEN FORKS – BETWEEN MYTH AND REALITY

The golden forks allegedly used by the Grand Prince of Serbia, Stefan Nemanja, in the banquet organised to honour Fridrich I Barbarossa, the Holy Roman Emperor, in Niš in 1189, has long ago become a paradigm of a romanticized image of our „better, more glorious and more eminent“ past. These luxurious, pricy pieces of cuttlery – Nemanja’s forks – have become a specific social phenomenon, a symbol of a refined, well-mannered ruler and a metaphore of national excellence. This work aims to analyse the origins, characteristics, use and symbolism of the fork in Serbian Medieval eating culture, using complex gastroheritological method and researching various available sources from artistic imagery, through archeological finds to literary, historical and other referent materials, with a special view of the ruler’s manu and the gastrodiplomacy.

CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENTS AS AN ELEMENT OF TOURIST OFFER IN OUTER BELGRADE MUNICIPALITIES

Material and non-material cultural heritage is recognized by various tourist destinations worldwide, also partly by Serbia, as some of the most important elements of any tourist offer. Cultural contents provide to a tourist destination certain uniqueness, differentiation and authenticity that helps with increasing and harsher competition. The area of outer Belgrade municipalities is characterized by various, valuable and versatile cultural resources. The following should be singled out: Belo brdo archeological site (more famous as Vinča), Serbian churches and monasteries from different epochs (Kosmaj, Surčin, Obrenovac ), log-cabin churches (Lazarevac), etno site in Vranić which dates back to the XVIII century (Barajevo municipality), examples of industrial heritage and technical culture (Surčin, Lazarevac, Obrenovac), old city areas as spatial wholes (Grocka, Barajevo, Obrenovac), well-preserved old city and country houses (in all the municipalities) and museums (Surčin, Lazarevac). The polls carried out in May 2013 confirmed that tourists recognize and positively value cultural and historical contexts in the mentioned area. Despite that, majority of resources are not validated in a tourist sense and are not adequately promoted in line with modern tourist trends.

GOD, NATURE AND LANGUAGE: AN ESSAY ON BERKELEY’S PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

This paper gives a critical account of the precise character of Berkeley’s fictionalism and instrumentalism in his philosophy of science. Two replies are given to the objections typically raised against his vision of science and its incompatibility with the scientific practice. The first objection claims that his immaterialism is incompatible with the natural causation, and the second that it is not able to give an explanation for the complex structure of issues raised by natural sciences. The replies rely on Berkeley’s thesis concerning the language of God, claiming that there are no causal but only semantic relations between the signs and the signified in the world. The system of nature constitutes a language which God uses to communicate with the finite creatures.